Explaining teachers' self-management and self-efficacy based on transformational leadership with the mediating role of learning organization in Mashhad schools

Document Type : Quantitative Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.d student of Educational Administration, Department of Educational Sciences, Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, iran.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was toexplain teachers' self-leadership and self-efficacy based on transformational leadership with Mediating role of the learning organization.Today's world is constantly changing and it is necessary for schools to cope with these changes to succeed. One factor that can help the education system, especially schools, is human resources. In the education department of Mashhad, the principals have realized this and have come to believe that in order to achieve success, they need to adapt to the changes in today's world. Also, since the Education Organization's responsible for the serious educational issues of the community; It is necessary for this organization to always be aware of the changes in today's world and to maintain its level of knowledge in order to be able to provide appropriate services to society. Therefore, in the education department of Mashhad city, managers are trying to develop and improve the situation of their human resources and have seen the need for this in terms of proper leadership. Management and leadership has always been considered as one of the basic human factors in the success and failure of organizations, especially educational institutions and schools as a knowledge-based organization and has always been studied and researched in various dimensions. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on self-leadership and self-efficacy with the mediating role of the learning organization. The present study is based on scientific research as a quantitative paradigm, based on the purpose of applied research, based on data collection and information of descriptive research (structural equation modeling), to study the theoretical foundations and research background of the library method and to collect the necessary data. In order to test the research hypotheses, the field method with a questionnaire was used, which are: Transformational leadership (Bass & Avolio (2002) which consists of 20 items and 4 components of individual considerations (1-5), mental motivation (6-10), inspirational motivation (15-15) and ideal influence (16-20). Learner (Senge (1990, which consists of 22 items that have five components of individual mastery (questions 1 to 4), team learning (questions 5 to 10), common goal (questions 11 to 14), systemic thinking (questions 15 to 18) Measures mental models (questions 19 to 22) Rahimi (2013) self-direction which consists of 26 items and seven components of personal goal setting (questions 1 to 5), self-motivation (questions 6 to 8), self-punishment (questions 9 to 12) Personal care (questions 13 to 16), markup (questions 17 to 18), implicit job incentives (questions 19 to 23) and visualization of successful performance (questions 24 to 26) Teacher self-efficacy Tschannen, Moran, & Woolfolk (2001) It consists of 24 items and 3 components of inclusive involvement (1-7), teaching methods (16-18) and classroom management (17-24).
The validity of the instruments was confirmed by the construct validity and their reliability by Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and SMART PLS2 software using correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes all primary and secondary teachers (first and second) in Mashhad with 18,750 people and from this number, based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 384 people was selected by stratified random sampling method from among the seven education districts of Mashhad. According to the results, it was found that male teachers were 205 (53.4%) and female teachers were 179 (46.4%) of the total sample. Teachers 20-20 years old 88 people (22.9%), 40-31 years old 150 people (39.1%), 50-41 years old 112 people (29.2%) and teachers 51 years old and older 34 people (9.9 8%) were. There were 46 teachers (12%) with a master's degree, 200 with a bachelor's degree (52.1%), 100 with a master's degree (26%) and 38 with a doctorate (9.9%). Teachers with a history of 5 years under 102 (26.6%), 5-10 years 119 (31%), 11-15 years 71 (18.5%) and 16 years and over 92 (24%) in The samples were examined. The results of research hypotheses also showed that the learning organization variable is a mediating variable between transformational leadership variables with self-leadership and self-efficacy. Transformational leadership has a positive and direct effect on the learning organization, self-leadership and self-efficacy, as well as the learning organization on self-leadership, but transformational leadership has not been able to affect self-efficacy. The validity of the measurement model was confirmed by cv.com test and the structural model by cv.red test. Also, the quality of the final research model according to the GOF index, which is 0.305, showed that the model has a strong fit and finally the coefficient of determination R2 For the learning organization, it was 0.320, self-directed 0.285 and self-efficacy 0.033. Finally, according to the results of hypotheses, it can be said that school leaders and principals can apply transformational leadership components and focus on new teacher educational ideas, emphasizing the creation and sharing of knowledge in schools, paying attention to knowledge interactions between teachers and emphasizing Improving teaching principles and new teaching methods will facilitate the conditions required for teachers' self-leadership and self-efficacy. The present study also had some limitations for researchers, such as the measurement tool, which was a questionnaire. This tool has special limitations such as measuring the answers in the form of a multi-point Likert scale and... . Also, research data has been collected from teachers in Mashhad. Therefore, caution should be exercised in generalizing the results to other organizations and schools in the country. Causal relationships between variables should also be used with caution because structural equation modeling does not have strong explanations for expressing causal relationships between variables. Finally, according to the research results, to improve the level of self-efficacy and self-leadership of teachers, it is suggested that school principals and education officials pay special attention to the management style and use of transformational leadership components and by removing obstacles, Provide the necessary platforms to institutionalize learning schools and motivate teachers to be as effective as possible. Managers also provide the right environment for participation and cooperation and competition of the year between teachers and other members, to institutionalize the culture of achieving double success through collective decision-making, thus enabling the creation and establishment of a learning organization platform.

Keywords


Abili, Kh., Khabaze, K., Mazari, E., & Gerayli, B. (2016). The Role of Self-Governance and Self-Management on Human Capital of Public Service Organizations (Case Study: Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare). Public Management Review, 8(1): 93-112. [In Persian].
Aggarwal, J., & Krishnan, VR. (2014). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Follower’ s Self-Efficacy: Moderating Role of Follower’ s Impression Management. Management and Labour Studies, 12(4): 1-17.
Akbari, M., Nasseri, S., & Al-Taha, H. (2014). Investigating the Effect of Lessens' Content and Self-leadership on Hope in Employment of Business Management Students: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy and Self-Determination. Research and Writing Academic Books, 34, 95-67. [In Persian].
 Akbari, M., Puroli, B., Diyanati, M., Mohammadi, M., & Rezai, N. (2016). Genuine leadership and psychological capital: The effect of mediating variable of trust and breach of psychological contract. Government Management Quarterly, 8(3): 532-511. [In Persian].
 Amin Bidokhti, A., & Mardani, E. (2015). The Relationship between Mental Health and Professional Ethics in Nursing Staff. Medical Ethics Journal, 9 (31): 73-49. [In Persian].
Andressen, P., Konradt, U., & Neck, CP. (2011). The Relation Between Self-Leadership and Transformational Leadership. Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19(1): 68-82.
Aslani, F. (2015). Designing and Developing a Model of Organizational Self-Leadership in Payame Noor University: Grounded Theory Test with a Mixed Method. Specialized Doctoral Thesis, State Management of Organizational Behavior, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Payame Noor University. [In Persian].
Aslani, F., Hozuri, J., Rafiei, M., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2014). Designing and Explaining an Organizational Self-leadership Model Based on a Grounded Theory (Case Study: Payame Noor University). Management of Governmental Organizations, 2(9): 55-39. [In Persian].
Ay, F.A., Karakaya, A., & Yilmaz, K. (2015). Relations Between Self-Leadership And Critical Thinking Skills. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207(2): 29-41.
Bagheri, M., Ranjbar, M. H., & Tab, S. (2015). Investigating the mediating role of trust and collective self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance (Case study: Education Office of Hormozgan Province). Research in Educational Systems, 9(31): 162-127. [In Persian].
Bass, BM., & Avolio, BJ. (2007). Developing Transformational Leadership: 1992 and Beyond. European Industrial Training, 14(5): 21-27.
Bridgstock, R. (2008). The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research & Development, 28(1): 31–44.
 Cheraghi, A., & Kuchi, S. (2015). Factors Influencing the Learning Organization in the Islamic Republic of Iran Police Force. Forensic Science Education, 3(3): 128-89. [In Persian].
Chooppawa, R., Sirisuthi, C., Ampai, A. S., & Sripathar, S. (2012). The development of learning organization model for private vocational schools. European Journal of Social Sciences, 30(4): 586-596.
Dehghan S., Shabani, M., & Rajaipour, S. (2017). The Relationship between Knowledge Sharing and Self-Efficacy in Researchers at Malek Ashtar University of Technology. Library and Information Science, 7(2): 291-273. [In Persian].
Demirel, Y., Arzova, B., Ardic, K., & Bas, T. (2013). Organizational learning on coopetition strategy: an exploratory research on a Turkish private banks credit card application. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 902-910.
Doci, E., & Hofmans, J. (2015). Task complexity and transformational leadership: The mediating role of leaders' state core self-evaluations, The Leadership Quarterly, 34(2): 1-12.
Eid, J., Mearns, K., Larsson, G., Laberg, JC., & Johnsen, BH. (2012). Leadership, psychological capital and safety research: Conceptual issues and future research questions. Safety Science, 50(1): 55-61.
Feyzpor, M., Ghaforyan, A., & Behbodi, O. (2015). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Performance: Investigating the Moderating Role of Organizational Learning. Tomorrow Management, 13, 105-116. [In Persian].
Forootani, Z., Azar, A., Ahmadi, S., & Asgarinejad, M. (2013). Design and Define Self - development of Human Resources Model. Management of public organizations, 1(4): 61-78.
Fu, B., Yan, P., Yin, H., Zhu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Dai, C., Tang, G., Yan, C., & Lei, J. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale. international journal of nursing sciences. 3, 259-267.
 Ghadyani, H. (2010). Investigating the Relationship between Leadership Style (Transformational, Interactive, and Abandoned) with Self-Efficacy of Cultural and Art Organization Personnel of Tehran Municipality. MA thesis, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. [In Persian].
Ghalavandi, H., Hassani, M., & Fatahi, M. (2018). The Mediating Role of Professional Ethics in the Relationship between Reliable Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Staff of Urmia University. Biological Ethics, 8(28): 27-27. [In Persian].
Ghanbari, S., & Eskandari, A. (2014). The Relationship between Leadership Styles and Learning Organization in Elementary Schools. New Approach in Educational Management, 5(4): 65-94. [In Persian].
 Ghanbari, S., & Eskandari, A. (2017). The Impact of Virtual Leadership on Teachers' Self-Development with Mediating of Organizational Learning. Management on Organizational Learning, 6(1): 102-73. [In Persian].
Gozukara, I., & Simsek, OF. (2015). Linking Transformational Leadership to Work Engagement and the Mediator Effect of Job Autonomy: A Study in a Turkish Private. Non-Profit University. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195(4): 963-971.
Guiu, CG., Moya, M., Molero, F., & Moriano, JA. (2016). Transformational leadership and group potency in small militaryunits: The mediating role of group identification and cohesion. Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(3): 1-8.
Gülhan, K., & A.Zafer, A. (2015). The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning Capability On The Relationship Between Innovation and Firm’s Performance: A Conceptual Framework. Procedia. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210(1): 164–169.
Izadi, A., Barzegar, M., & Javidi, H. (2017). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of work life with employee self-efficacy. Resource Management in Law Enforcement, 5(3): 161-129. [In Persian].
 Jazini, A., & Nowaie, M. (2014). The Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Innovation in Iranian Prevention Police. Social Discipline, 5(3): 49-31. [In Persian].
Khalkhali, A., Abiri I., & Mojdeh, Z. (2014). Explanation of schools' management effectiveness. International Journal of Economy. Management and Social Sciences, 3(1): 107-109.
 Khawjei, S., Moradi, S., Dorudi, H., & Hasani, D. (2014). Characteristics of Learning Organization in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Education Development in Medical Sciences, 7(15): 38-30. [In Persian].
Kontas, H., & Demir, M. (2015). The effect of pedagogical formation courses upon the professional self-efficacy perception of pre-service teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 1643-1649.
Kula, S., & Taşdemir, M. (2014). Evaluation Of Pre-Service Teachers' Academic Self-Efficacy Levels In Terms Of Some Certain Variables. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141(1): 686-690.
Liu, L., Chang, Y., Fu, J., Wang, J., & Wang, L. (2012). The mediating role of psychological capital on the association between occupational stress and depressive symptoms among Chinese physicians: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health; 12(4): 1-8.
 Mambini, Y. (2015). Investigating the Impact of Total Quality Management and Organizational Learning on Organizational Excellence. Police Organizational Development, 54, 75-61. [In Persian].
Marshall, G., S. Kiffin-Petersen., & Soutar, G. (2012). The influence personality and leader behaviours have on teacher selfleadership in vocational colleges. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 40(6): 707-723.
Master, D. (2013). Knowledge sharing, job satisfaction, and self-efficacy among trainers from one California training and development organization: A case study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://goo.gl/hXzEBg.
Mazari, E., Abili, Kh., Pourkarimi, J., & Khabare, K. (2014). Analysis Condition of Self-Development Qualities of School Principals (Based on Successful Managers’ Self-Development Model). International Management and Humanity Sciences, 3(1): 2050-2060.
Meserova, J., Prochazka, J., Vaculik, M., & Smutny, P. (2015). Relationship between self-efficacy, transformational leadership and leader effectiveness. Advanced Management Science, 3(2): 109-122.
Mirkamali, S.M., Narnji Sani, F., & Elami, F. (2011). Investigating the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Learning (Case Study: Saipa Company). Transformation Management Research, 3(26): 1-27. [In Persian].
 Mohammadi, A., Niyaz Azeri, K., & Taghvaiy, M. (2017). The Impact of Organizational Justice and Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. New Approach in Educational Management, 8(3): 78-55. [In Persian].
Montazeri, M., & Pour Hossein Ali, N. (2019). Relationship between transformational leadership of school principals and teachers' performance: Explaining the moderating role of public service motivation, Journal of School Administration (JSA), 7(3): 45-67.
 Mohammadi, M F., Shah Mohammadi, A., Fatahi, M., & Seifpanahi, H. (2015). Determining the effects of servant leadership on organizational learning by studying the mediating role of organizational forgetting. Educational Leadership & Management Quarterly, 9(1): 94-75. [In Persian].
Neck, C. P., & Manz, C. C. (2013). Mastering Self-Leadership. Empowering Yourself for Personal Excellence. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
Nielsen, K., Yrker, J., Randall, R., & Munir, F. (2009). The maediating effects of team and self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership, and job satisfaction and psychological well-being in healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey.
Prochazka, J.,  Gilova, H., & Vaculik, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Engagement: Self-Efficacy as a Mediator. leadership studies, 18(2): 320-330.
RosIntan, SM., Ramlee, AR., Ariff, M., & Hairunnisa, M. (2012). Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Employees Job Satisfaction Among the Academic Staff. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65(1): 885 – 890.
Safamanesh, P., Hussein, R., & Oladian, M. (2015). The Effect of Learning Organization Components on Entrepreneurial Performance of an Insurance Company Employee. Journal of Insurance, 30(1): 124-95. [In Persian].
 Samadi, H., Samadi, H., & Aghajani, H. A. (2016). Explaining the role of transformational leadership style in organizational culture. Management of Organizational Culture, 14(2): 519-499. [In Persian].
Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday.
Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Roth, G., & Smith, B. (1999). The dance of change: Mastering the twelve challenges to change in a learning organization. New York: Doubleday.
Serinkan, C., Kiziloglu, M., Akcit, V., & Enli, P. (2014). Organizational learning capacity in cargo industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(3), 4005-4009.
Shah M., Ashraf. S., & Arani, M. (2015). The effect of transformational leadership style on staff self-efficacy (in Aran and Bidgol municipality). Management of Development and Transformation, 21(4): 48-43. [In Persian].
Singh K. (2011). Developing ethics at the workplace through transformational leadership: a study of business organizations in India. Journal of Knowledge Globalization, 4(2): 31-52.
Singh, K. (2016). Relationship between Learning Organization and Transformational Leadership: Banking Organizations in India. International. Business and Management Research, 1(1): 97-111.
Tavassoli, M. (2015). Investigating the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Pro-Environmental Behaviors by Self-motivation (Case Study: Waste Management Organization of Mashhad's Municipality). MA Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Economics. [In Persian].
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A Global Goodness-Of-Fit Index for Pls Structural Equation Modeling. In Proceedings of the Xlii Sis Scientific Meeting, 21(2): 739-742.
Wetzels, M., Odekkerken-Schroder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration, MIS Quarterly, 33(1): 174-187.
 Yousefpour, Q., Malekzadeh, G., & Khanzadeh, H. (2017). The Intermediate Role of Organizational Spirituality in the Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Staff Self-Efficacy (Case Study: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Staff). Ferdowsi University Journal of Social Sciences; 1(4): 221-261. [In Persian].
Zebardast, M., Amjad. Gholami, Kh., & Rahimi, M. (2017). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership of Managers and Organizational Atmosphere: The Viewpoints of Girl School Teachers. School Management, 5(1): 150-129. [In Persian].
Zou, H., Chen, X., Rico Lam, LW., & Liu, X. (2015). Psychological capital and conflict management in the entrepreneur–venture capitalist relationship in China: The entrepreneur perspective. International Small Business, 28(4): 1-22.